{"id":155,"date":"2025-03-14T12:47:03","date_gmt":"2025-03-14T12:47:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/?p=155"},"modified":"2025-05-24T08:43:16","modified_gmt":"2025-05-24T08:43:16","slug":"periodic-assessment-of-forest-resources-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/periodic-assessment-of-forest-resources-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Periodic Assessment of Forest Resources in India"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The <strong>periodic assessment of forest resources<\/strong> in India is essential for <strong>sustainable forest management, ecological balance, and policy formulation<\/strong>. Forests are crucial for maintaining <strong>biodiversity, climate regulation<\/strong>, and supporting the livelihoods of millions. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fsi.nic.in\/\"><strong>Forest Survey of India (FSI)<\/strong>,<\/a> operating under the <strong>Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change<\/strong>, plays a vital role in assessing these resources. Since its inception in 1981, FSI has employed advanced scientific methodologies, including satellite data, for comprehensive assessments. One of its key publications is the <a href=\"https:\/\/fsi.nic.in\/forest-report-2023\"><strong><em>India State of Forest Report (ISFR)<\/em><\/strong>,<\/a> published <strong>biennially since 1987.<\/strong> The latest report, <strong>ISFR 2023<\/strong>, marks the <strong>18th edition<\/strong>, reflecting India\u2019s evolving <strong>forestry<\/strong> scenario and progress in <strong>sustainable forest management.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Significance of ISFR<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong><em>India State of Forest Report<\/em><\/strong><strong> (ISFR)<\/strong> holds significant value for multiple stakeholders, including policymakers, environmentalists, researchers, and the general public. The report provides critical data and insights into various forestry parameters, which serve several purposes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Monitoring and Evaluation:<\/strong> It tracks changes in forest cover, providing a reliable basis for evaluating the effectiveness of forestry policies and conservation efforts.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Planning and Management:<\/strong> ISFR aids in planning for the optimal utilization and sustainable management of forest resources by highlighting areas requiring conservation or afforestation efforts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXfMtlP7j9p-7XanK3pV_qFmTlazyUYhYhY4s4b8_iLR-pk81YL1RLzGFot_8d6VdUfVYxajWNgMMsn1LmGtLJYJm5uhGGBFwsi-XRBCSiQkCTB6V36fuXETq5fglhFeg-I5P7zQ?key=8MfhnhdX7fidlG4cjNaJp5bz\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:468px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>International Commitments:<\/strong> The report tracks India\u2019s progress toward <a href=\"https:\/\/unfccc.int\/process-and-meetings\/the-paris-agreement\/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs\"><strong>Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)<\/strong> <\/a>under the <a href=\"https:\/\/unfccc.int\/process-and-meetings\/the-paris-agreement\"><strong>Paris Agreement<\/strong>,<\/a> specifically the target of creating an additional carbon sink of <strong>2.5\u20133 billion tonnes of CO2<\/strong> equivalent through forest and tree cover by 2030.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Climate Reporting:<\/strong> It serves as a key input for reporting <strong>greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories<\/strong> to the <strong>United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)<\/strong> under the <strong>Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF)<\/strong> sector.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Global Assessments:<\/strong> ISFR contributes data to international assessments like the <strong>FAO\u2019s Global Forest Resources Assessment<\/strong>, enhancing India\u2019s visibility in global forestry discussions.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Forest Cover Mapping<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Forest cover refers to all land areas exceeding one hectare with a tree canopy density of at least 10%, regardless of ownership or land use. This definition encompasses <strong>orchards, bamboo, and palm plantations.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Methodology:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Satellite Data:<\/strong> The FSI uses satellite data from <strong>ISRO\u2019s LISS-III sensor<\/strong> <strong><em>(<\/em><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.isro.gov.in\/RESOURCESAT_2.html\"><strong><em>Resourcesat<\/em><\/strong><\/a><strong><em> series)<\/em><\/strong> with a spatial resolution of 23.5 meters.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Data Acquisition:<\/strong> Data is collected during <strong>October\u2013December<\/strong> to ensure cloud-free images and full vegetation foliage. Additional images are obtained for regions like the <strong>Northeast, coastal belts,<\/strong> and <strong>Andaman &amp; Nicobar Islands<\/strong> during <strong>January\u2013April<\/strong> for better quality.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Classification of Forest Cover:<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Very Dense Forest (VDF):<\/strong> Canopy density \u226570%.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Moderately Dense Forest (MDF):<\/strong> Canopy density 40\u201370%.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Open Forest (OF):<\/strong> Canopy density 10\u201340%.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>The process involves <strong>digital image processing<\/strong>, <strong>visual interpretation<\/strong>, and <strong>ground verification<\/strong> by field analysts and state forest departments. Over the years, methodologies have been refined, incorporating <strong>advanced geospatial technologies<\/strong> and <strong>AI-based analysis<\/strong> to enhance accuracy and reliability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>National Forest Inventory (NFI)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/sustainable-development-goals-helpdesk\/champion\/e-learning-detail\/national-forest-inventory\/en\"><strong>National Forest Inventory (NFI)<\/strong><\/a> is another critical component of ISFR. Launched in <strong>2002<\/strong>, it focuses on assessing forests and <strong>Trees Outside Forests (TOF)<\/strong> to estimate growing stock and related parameters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Evolution of Sampling Design:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Initially stratified into <strong>14 physiographic zones<\/strong> with a <strong>20-year revisit cycle<\/strong>.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In <strong>2016<\/strong>, a <strong>grid-based design<\/strong> was introduced, featuring <strong>5 km x 5 km uniform grids<\/strong>, reducing the <strong>revisit time to 5 years<\/strong> for more frequent assessments.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Annually, the NFI covers approximately <strong>6,000 forest plots<\/strong> and <strong>10,000 TOF plots<\/strong> across the country.<br><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Key Parameters Assessed:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Growing Stock:<\/strong> Total volume of all living trees.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tree Cover:<\/strong> Area covered by tree canopies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bamboo Stock:<\/strong> Distribution and volume of bamboo species.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Carbon Stock:<\/strong> Biomass carbon stored in forest ecosystems.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Agroforestry Characteristics:<\/strong> Trends in integrating trees with agricultural practices.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>ISFR 2023 Highlights<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>ISFR 2023<\/strong> is divided into two comprehensive volumes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Volume I:<\/strong> Focuses on national-level assessments, including:<br>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Forest cover trends<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mangrove cover and health<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Forest fire occurrences<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Growing and carbon stock estimates<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Agroforestry trends and decadal forest changes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Volume II:<\/strong> Provides <strong>State\/UT-specific data<\/strong>, offering detailed forest cover information at <strong>district and division levels<\/strong>, derived from extensive field inventories.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Key Highlights of the India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2023<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Forest and Tree Cover in India<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The ISFR 2023 reports that India\u2019s total forest and tree cover stands at <strong>8,27,356.95 km\u00b2<\/strong>, representing <strong>25.17%<\/strong> of the country\u2019s total geographical area. This includes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Forest Cover:<\/strong> <strong>7,15,342.61 km\u00b2<\/strong> (<strong>21.76%<\/strong> of the geographical area).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tree Cover:<\/strong> <strong>1,12,014.34 km\u00b2<\/strong> (<strong>3.41%<\/strong> of the geographical area).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The report highlights a positive trend in India\u2019s forest and tree cover, with an <strong>increase of 1,445.81 km\u00b2<\/strong> since ISFR 2021. Notably, forest cover alone has expanded by <strong>156.41 km\u00b2<\/strong>, reflecting India\u2019s sustained efforts in afforestation and conservation programs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>State-Wise Changes in Forest and Tree Cover<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>States with Maximum Increase:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The states witnessing the most significant increase in forest and tree cover are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Chhattisgarh:<\/strong> +683.62 km\u00b2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Uttar Pradesh:<\/strong> +559.19 km\u00b2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Odisha:<\/strong> +558.57 km\u00b2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rajasthan:<\/strong> +394.46 km\u00b2<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>States with Maximum Decrease:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Conversely, some states have experienced declines in their forest cover:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Madhya Pradesh:<\/strong> -612.41 km\u00b2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Karnataka:<\/strong> -459.36 km\u00b2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ladakh:<\/strong> -159.26 km\u00b2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nagaland:<\/strong> -125.22 km\u00b2<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXd2ecdrEoDXdhFXOJ3fuQGpZ3_bbbU7ayhcX5x51GcbhLO7CVpuc8tKeh8JYaXNeunabhqAvFc0gbNiByQI9ihYxNxubOxwNBpExMFpg3Pqr1a5qo-ZsD5DH9fMolyMdKepVoWpeQ?key=8MfhnhdX7fidlG4cjNaJp5bz\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:502px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Forest Cover Inside Recorded Forest Areas (RFA):<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Maximum Increase:<\/strong> Mizoram (+192.92 km\u00b2) and Odisha (+118.17 km\u00b2).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Maximum Decrease:<\/strong> Tripura (-116.90 km\u00b2) and Telangana (-105.87 km\u00b2).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Forest Cover Outside RFA:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Maximum Increase:<\/strong> Gujarat (+241.29 km\u00b2) and Bihar (+106.85 km\u00b2).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Maximum Decrease:<\/strong> Madhya Pradesh (-344.77 km\u00b2) and Rajasthan (-110.65 km\u00b2).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Tree Cover Trends<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The states with the <strong>highest tree cover<\/strong> are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Maharashtra:<\/strong> 14,524.88 km\u00b2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rajasthan:<\/strong> 10,841.12 km\u00b2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Uttar Pradesh:<\/strong> 8,950.92 km\u00b2<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>States showing <strong>notable positive changes<\/strong> in tree cover include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Chhattisgarh:<\/strong> +702.75 km\u00b2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rajasthan:<\/strong> +478.26 km\u00b2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Uttar Pradesh:<\/strong> +440.76 km\u00b2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Special Ecosystems: Mangroves and Western Ghats<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Mangrove Cover:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Mangroves, vital for coastal protection and biodiversity, cover <strong>4,991.68 km\u00b2<\/strong>, accounting for <strong>0.15%<\/strong> of India\u2019s geographical area. The composition of mangrove cover is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Very Dense Mangroves:<\/strong> 1,463.97 km\u00b2 (29%)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Moderately Dense Mangroves:<\/strong> 1,500.84 km\u00b2 (30%)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Open Mangroves:<\/strong> 2,026.87 km\u00b2 (41%)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Changes since ISFR 2021:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Net <strong>decrease<\/strong> of <strong>7.43 km\u00b2<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Largest Decline:<\/strong> Gujarat (-36.39 km\u00b2).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Increase:<\/strong> Andhra Pradesh (+13.01 km\u00b2) and Maharashtra (+12.39 km\u00b2).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Western Ghats Eco-Sensitive Areas (WGESA):<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Covering approximately <strong>60,285.61 km\u00b2<\/strong>, the Western Ghats house <strong>44,043.99 km\u00b2<\/strong> (73%) forest cover. However, the region has lost <strong>58.22 km\u00b2<\/strong> of forest cover over the past decade, raising concerns about ecological sustainability in this biodiversity hotspot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Regional Insights<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Hills Districts:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Forest cover in hill districts totals <strong>2,83,713.20 km\u00b2<\/strong>, accounting for <strong>40%<\/strong> of their geographical area.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Since ISFR 2021, there has been an <strong>increase of 234.14 km\u00b2<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>North Eastern Region:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The region\u2019s total forest and tree cover is <strong>1,74,394.70 km\u00b2<\/strong>, representing <strong>67%<\/strong> of its geographical area.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>However, there is a <strong>decline of 327.30 km\u00b2<\/strong> since ISFR 2021, highlighting the need for targeted conservation measures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Growing Stock and Bamboo Resources<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Growing Stock (Wood Volume):<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>India\u2019s total <strong>growing stock<\/strong> in forests and Trees Outside Forests (TOF) is estimated at <strong>6,429 million m\u00b3<\/strong>, reflecting an <strong>increase of 262 million m\u00b3<\/strong> since ISFR 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Maximum Growing Stock in Forests:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Arunachal Pradesh:<\/strong> 457 million m\u00b3<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Uttarakhand:<\/strong> 400 million m\u00b3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Bamboo Resources:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>India\u2019s <strong>bamboo-bearing area<\/strong> has expanded to <strong>1,54,670 km\u00b2<\/strong>, marking an <strong>increase of 5,227 km\u00b2<\/strong> since ISFR 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Top States for Bamboo Resources:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Madhya Pradesh:<\/strong> 20,421 km\u00b2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Arunachal Pradesh:<\/strong> 18,424 km\u00b2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Carbon Stock Assessment<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Forests play a pivotal role in carbon sequestration. The ISFR 2023 estimates:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Total Carbon Stock:<\/strong> <strong>7,285 million tonnes (Mt)<\/strong>, an <strong>increase of 81 Mt<\/strong> since ISFR 2021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Annual Carbon Sequestration Rate:<\/strong> Equivalent to reducing <strong>CO\u2082 emissions by 149 Mt annually<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>States with Maximum Carbon Stock:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Arunachal Pradesh:<\/strong> 1,021 Mt<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Madhya Pradesh:<\/strong> 608 Mt<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Agroforestry Expansion<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Agroforestry has shown <strong>substantial growth<\/strong>, with total tree green cover under agroforestry estimated at <strong>1,27,590 km\u00b2<\/strong>, reflecting a <strong>21% rise since ISFR 2013<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Top States for Agroforestry Growing Stock:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Maharashtra:<\/strong> 136 million m\u00b3<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Karnataka:<\/strong> 98 million m\u00b3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Key Changes in Forestry Parameters (2013\u20132023)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The period between 2013 and 2023 witnessed <strong>positive developments<\/strong> in various forestry-related parameters:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Forest Cover:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Total increase: <strong>16,630.25 km\u00b2<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inside Recorded Forest Area\/Green Wash (RFA\/GW): <strong>440.47 km\u00b2<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Outside RFA\/GW: <strong>16,189.78 km\u00b2<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In hill districts: <strong>2,649.04 km\u00b2<\/strong> increase<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXdvq5olknPNCDNHnOm2a5A6RJIuztJ044eYw5KDRZptc697kyQqeDIYbRb1uzkpZl1zk7T1VJPHUmO2av-NbgzEYTZBwswX3gQfHc162E8MXbvpq-ZsikSy9OeE3LFLQQRqEnAj?key=8MfhnhdX7fidlG4cjNaJp5bz\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:512px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Mangrove Cover:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Increased by <strong>296.33 km\u00b2<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tree Cover:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Increase of <strong>20,747.34 km\u00b2<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Agroforestry Contributions:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Green cover under agroforestry: <strong>21,286.57 km\u00b2<\/strong> increase<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Growing stock in agroforestry: <strong>286.94 million m\u00b3<\/strong> increase<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Growing Stock in Forest and Trees Outside Forests (TOF):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In forests: <strong>305.543 million m\u00b3<\/strong> increase<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In TOF: <strong>466.07 million m\u00b3<\/strong> increase<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Key Characteristics of Forests (2013\u20132023)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The report analyzed forest conditions, disturbances, and vegetation status, revealing encouraging trends:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Soil Health:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Improvement in soil depth:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>87.16%<\/strong> shallow to deep soil (up from <strong>83.53%<\/strong> in 2013)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Better humus content:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>18.04%<\/strong> medium to deep humus (up from <strong>11.43%<\/strong> in 2013)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Vegetation Growth:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Grass cover (dense to very dense): <strong>17.21%<\/strong> (up from <strong>15.64%<\/strong>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Undergrowth (dense to very dense): <strong>25.58%<\/strong> (up from <strong>20.32%<\/strong>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Soil Organic Carbon:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Marginal increase from <strong>55.85 tonnes\/ha<\/strong> to <strong>56.08 tonnes\/ha<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Reduction in Forest Disturbances:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Moderate to heavy grazing load reduced to <strong>35.79%<\/strong> (from <strong>41.04%<\/strong>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Biotic influences reduced to <strong>26.66%<\/strong> (from <strong>31.28%<\/strong>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Floral and Faunal Biodiversity:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Forest areas under mixed size classes increased to <strong>38.11%<\/strong> (from <strong>21.12%<\/strong>), indicating richer floral biodiversity and better habitats for wildlife.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>The<strong> <\/strong><strong><em>India State of Forest Report<\/em><\/strong><strong> (ISFR)<\/strong> plays a pivotal role in shaping India\u2019s forest policies and conservation strategies. By providing robust, data-driven insights, it aids in achieving national and international environmental goals. The incorporation of <strong>cutting-edge technologies<\/strong>, <strong>refined methodologies<\/strong>, and <strong>rigorous ground validations<\/strong> ensures that ISFR remains a reliable tool for policymakers. As India progresses toward sustainable development and climate resilience, periodic forest assessments like the ISFR will continue to guide efforts in preserving the country\u2019s rich and diverse forest ecosystems for future generations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Prelims Practice MCQ<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>With reference to the <\/strong><strong><em>India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2023<\/em><\/strong><strong>, which of the following statements is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Chhattisgarh recorded the highest increase in forest and tree cover among all states.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gujarat showed the maximum increase in forest cover outside Recorded Forest Areas (RFA).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The North Eastern Region witnessed an overall increase in forest and tree cover compared to ISFR 2021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mangrove cover in Andhra Pradesh has decreased compared to ISFR 2021.<br><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below:<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong> a) 1 and 2 only<br>b) 1, 2, and 3 only<br>c) 2 and 4 only<br>d) 1, 3, and 4 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Correct Answer:<\/strong> a) 1 and 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Statement 1 is correct: Chhattisgarh recorded the highest increase in forest and tree cover (+683.62 km\u00b2).\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Statement 2 is correct: Gujarat showed the maximum increase in forest cover outside RFA (+241.29 km\u00b2).\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Statement 3 is incorrect: The North Eastern Region experienced a decline of 327.30 km\u00b2 in forest and tree cover since ISFR 2021.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Statement 4 is incorrect: Mangrove cover in Andhra Pradesh increased by +13.01 km\u00b2, not decreased.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Mains Practice Question<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2023<\/em> highlights both progress and challenges in managing the country\u2019s forest and tree resources. Discuss the key findings of ISFR 2023, focusing on regional variations, special ecosystems, and their implications for sustainable development. Suggest measures to address the challenges identified in the report.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The periodic assessment of forest resources in India is essential for sustainable forest management, ecological balance, and policy formulation. 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