{"id":2500,"date":"2026-04-30T09:29:51","date_gmt":"2026-04-30T09:29:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/?p=2500"},"modified":"2026-04-30T09:29:56","modified_gmt":"2026-04-30T09:29:56","slug":"what-are-biosphere-reserves-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/what-are-biosphere-reserves-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"What Are Biosphere Reserves in India? Full List, Locations, Importance and Conservation Explained"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Biosphere Reserves in India<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>India has 18 notified biosphere reserves. These reserves cover approximately 91,425 square kilometres. Out of these 18, the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) recognises 13. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) administers India&#8217;s biosphere reserve programme. Biosphere reserves protect biodiversity, support scientific research, and promote sustainable development. They are described as &#8216;learning places for sustainable development.&#8217; India declared its first biosphere reserve, the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, in 1986. The most recent addition was the Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve of Himachal Pradesh, which UNESCO recognised in September 2025. Therefore, biosphere reserves in India form a very important topic for UPSC, APSC, and all state PCS examinations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Explore expert guidance at <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/\" type=\"link\" id=\"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UPSC coaching in Assam<\/a><\/strong> for structured preparation and proven civil services success strategies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"691\" src=\"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-37.jpeg\" alt=\"What Are Biosphere Reserves in India Full List, Locations, Importance and Conservation Explained\" class=\"wp-image-2501\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-37.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-37-300x202.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-37-768x518.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What are Biosphere Reserves?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Biosphere reserves are areas identified by national governments for two main purposes. First, they conserve biodiversity. Second, they promote sustainable development. They include terrestrial, marine, and coastal ecosystems. Each reserve promotes solutions that balance conservation with sustainable use of natural resources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biosphere reserves are special environments for both people and nature. They are living examples of how human beings and nature can co-exist respectfully. More than 260 million people live inside biosphere reserves across the world. Together, these sites protect more than 7 million square kilometres globally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Three Zone System of a Biosphere Reserve<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Every biosphere reserve follows a three-zone model. This model is important for competitive examinations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Zone<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Human Activity Allowed<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Core Zone<\/td><td>Strictly protected area; no human interference allowed<\/td><td>None \u2013 only scientific research with permission<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Buffer Zone<\/td><td>Surrounds the core zone; limited human activities permitted<\/td><td>Research, education, eco-tourism in a controlled way<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Transition Zone (Cooperation Zone)<\/td><td>Outermost zone; human settlements and economic activities allowed<\/td><td>Sustainable farming, settlements, eco-development<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"691\" src=\"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-37.jpeg\" alt=\"What Are Biosphere Reserves in India Full List, Locations, Importance and Conservation Explained\" class=\"wp-image-2502\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-37.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-37-300x202.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-37-768x518.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>UNESCO Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>UNESCO launched the Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme in 1971. The programme recognises biosphere reserves across the world. Sites meeting UNESCO&#8217;s specific criteria join the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR). This network represents the world&#8217;s major ecosystem types.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The MAB Programme focuses on four major objectives:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Identify and assess changes in the biosphere from human and natural activities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Study relationships between ecosystems and socio-economic processes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ensure basic human welfare and a liveable environment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Promote exchange of knowledge on environmental problems and solutions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The International Coordinating Council (MAB-ICC), composed of 34 member states, governs the MAB Programme. India actively participates in this international programme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Stay updated with latest environment topics via <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\" type=\"link\" id=\"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">currentaffairs<\/a><\/strong>, essential for UPSC preparation and exam-oriented knowledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How Many Biosphere Reserves are There in India?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>India currently has 18 notified biosphere reserves. Of these, 13 are part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves. The table below gives the complete list of all 18 biosphere reserves in India, arranged by year of establishment:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>No.<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Name<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>State\/UT<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Year (National)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>UNESCO Year<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Key Fauna<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1<\/td><td>Nilgiri<\/td><td>Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala<\/td><td>1986<\/td><td>2000<\/td><td>Lion-tailed Macaque, Nilgiri Tahr, Tiger<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td>Nanda Devi<\/td><td>Uttarakhand<\/td><td>1988<\/td><td>2004<\/td><td>Snow Leopard, Himalayan Black Bear<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3<\/td><td>Nokrek<\/td><td>Meghalaya<\/td><td>1988<\/td><td>2009<\/td><td>Red Panda, Hoolock Gibbon<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td>Gulf of Mannar<\/td><td>Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>1989<\/td><td>2001<\/td><td>Dugong, Olive Ridley Turtle<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5<\/td><td>Sundarbans<\/td><td>West Bengal<\/td><td>1989<\/td><td>2001<\/td><td>Royal Bengal Tiger<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td>Manas<\/td><td>Assam<\/td><td>1989<\/td><td>\u2014<\/td><td>Pygmy Hog, Golden Langur, Hispid Hare<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>7<\/td><td>Great Nicobar<\/td><td>A &amp; N Islands<\/td><td>1989<\/td><td>2013<\/td><td>Saltwater Crocodile, Dugong<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8<\/td><td>Simlipal<\/td><td>Odisha<\/td><td>1994<\/td><td>2009<\/td><td>Royal Bengal Tiger, Gaur, Asian Elephant<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>9<\/td><td>Dibru-Saikhowa<\/td><td>Assam<\/td><td>1997<\/td><td>\u2014<\/td><td>White-winged Wood Duck, Feral Horses<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>10<\/td><td>Dihang-Dibang<\/td><td>Arunachal Pradesh<\/td><td>1998<\/td><td>\u2014<\/td><td>Mishmi Takin, Musk Deer<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>11<\/td><td>Pachmarhi<\/td><td>Madhya Pradesh<\/td><td>1999<\/td><td>2009<\/td><td>Tiger, Gaur, Giant Flying Squirrel<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>12<\/td><td>Khangchendzonga<\/td><td>Sikkim<\/td><td>2000<\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>Snow Leopard, Red Panda<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>13<\/td><td>Agasthyamalai<\/td><td>Kerala, Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>2001<\/td><td>2016<\/td><td>Nilgiri Tahr, Bengal Tiger<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>14<\/td><td>Achanakmar-Amarkantak<\/td><td>M.P. &amp; Chhattisgarh<\/td><td>2005<\/td><td>2012<\/td><td>Four-horned Antelope, Indian Wild Dog<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>15<\/td><td>Great Rann of Kutch<\/td><td>Gujarat<\/td><td>2008<\/td><td>\u2014<\/td><td>Indian Wild Ass, Great Indian Bustard<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>16<\/td><td>Cold Desert<\/td><td>Himachal Pradesh<\/td><td>2009<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>Snow Leopard, Himalayan Ibex<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>17<\/td><td>Seshachalam Hills<\/td><td>Andhra Pradesh<\/td><td>2010<\/td><td>\u2014<\/td><td>Slender Loris, Red Sanders<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>18<\/td><td>Panna<\/td><td>Madhya Pradesh<\/td><td>2011<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td>Bengal Tiger, Chinkara, Nilgai<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Note: UNESCO year refers to the year of recognition under UNESCO&#8217;s World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR). Reserves marked with dash (\u2014) are not yet recognised by UNESCO.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Which is the First Biosphere Reserve in India?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is the first biosphere reserve in India. The government established it in 1986. It covers an area of 5,520 square kilometres. It spans three states: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala. UNESCO recognised it in 2000 under the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is part of the Western Ghats, a globally recognised biodiversity hotspot. It protects important species like the Lion-tailed Macaque, the Nilgiri Tahr, the Tiger, and the Asian Elephant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Largest Biosphere Reserve in India<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve is the largest biosphere reserve in India. It covers 10,500 square kilometres. It is located in Tamil Nadu and extends into the Indian part of the Gulf of Mannar. UNESCO recognised it in 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Great Rann of Kutch Biosphere Reserve is another very large reserve, covering 12,454 square kilometres nationally. However, it is not yet on the UNESCO list. When considering UNESCO-recognised reserves only, the Gulf of Mannar is the largest. Among all 18 national biosphere reserves, the Great Rann of Kutch is the largest by area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/upscquiz.spmiasacademy.com\/quizzes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UPSC MCQs<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Largest Biosphere Reserves in India by Area<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Rank<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Name<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Area (sq. km)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>State\/UT<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>UNESCO Status<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1<\/td><td>Great Rann of Kutch<\/td><td>12,454<\/td><td>Gujarat<\/td><td>Not yet recognised<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td>Gulf of Mannar<\/td><td>10,500<\/td><td>Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>Recognised (2001)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3<\/td><td>Sundarbans<\/td><td>9,630<\/td><td>West Bengal<\/td><td>Recognised (2001)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td>Cold Desert<\/td><td>7,770<\/td><td>Himachal Pradesh<\/td><td>Recognised (2025)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5<\/td><td>Nanda Devi<\/td><td>5,860<\/td><td>Uttarakhand<\/td><td>Recognised (2004)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>13 UNESCO Recognised Biosphere Reserves in India<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Out of 18 biosphere reserves in India, 13 are part of UNESCO&#8217;s World Network of Biosphere Reserves. The Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve was the most recently added, in September 2025. The 13 UNESCO-recognised biosphere reserves are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (2000)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve (2001)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve (2001)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (2004)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nokrek Biosphere Reserve (2009)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve (2009)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Simlipal Biosphere Reserve (2009)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve (2012)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve (2013)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve (2016)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve (2018)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Panna Biosphere Reserve (2020)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve (2025)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Government Scheme for Biosphere Reserves in India<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The MoEFCC administers a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) for Biodiversity Conservation. It operates as a sub-scheme under the Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems (CNRE) programme. Key features of the scheme are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Funding pattern: 60:40 (Central Government <strong>:<\/strong> State Government)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For North Eastern and Himalayan states: 90:10 (Centre<strong> :<\/strong> State)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Implementation: Primarily by State Forest Departments<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Focus: Alternative livelihoods, eco-development, and sustainable resource use<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Budget doubled: From Rs. 5 crore (2024-25) to Rs. 10 crore (2025-26)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>National Schemes that Complement Biosphere Reserves<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Scheme \/ Initiative<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Key Focus<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Project Tiger (launched 1973)<\/td><td>Tiger conservation; completed 50 years in 2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Project Elephant<\/td><td>Habitat preservation and human-elephant conflict mitigation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Green India Mission (GIM)<\/td><td>Protect and enhance India&#8217;s forest cover; tackle climate change<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats (IDWH)<\/td><td>Financial and technical assistance for wildlife conservation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>National Biodiversity Action Plan (NBAP)<\/td><td>Regulate access to biological resources under Biological Diversity Act, 2002<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs)<\/td><td>Shock absorber zones around national parks and wildlife sanctuaries<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Conclusion:<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In conclusion, biosphere reserves in India play a vital role in biodiversity conservation, sustainable development, and ecological balance. They protect important ecosystems while also supporting human life in a balanced way. Moreover, the three-zone model of biosphere reserves helps to manage conservation and development together.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Furthermore, India\u2019s participation in the UNESCO Man and Biosphere Programme highlights its global commitment to environmental protection. Therefore, these reserves are not only important for nature but also for research and sustainable living.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Source:<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2185715&amp;reg=3&amp;lang=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">PIB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions:<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"schema-faq wp-block-yoast-faq-block\"><div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1777540550102\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>What are biosphere reserves in India?<\/strong><\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\"><br>Biosphere reserves in India are protected areas that conserve biodiversity and support sustainable development. Moreover, they include land, water, and human settlements.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1777540564343\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>How many biosphere reserves are there in India?<\/strong><\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\"><br>India has 18 biosphere reserves. Furthermore, 13 of them are recognised by UNESCO under the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1777540576334\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>What is the three-zone model of a biosphere reserve?<\/strong><\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\"><br>Every biosphere reserve follows a three-zone model. It includes the core zone, buffer zone, and transition zone for conservation and human activities.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1777540598751\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>Which is the first biosphere reserve in India?<\/strong><\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\"><br>The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is the first biosphere reserve in India. The government established it in 1986.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1777540609983\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>Why are biosphere reserves important in India?<\/strong><\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\"><br>Biosphere reserves are important because they protect biodiversity, support research, and promote sustainable living. Therefore, they help maintain ecological balance.<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Biosphere Reserves in India India has 18 notified biosphere reserves. These reserves cover approximately 91,425 square kilometres. Out of these 18, the UNESCO World Network<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":2504,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[314,317,319,318,315,316],"class_list":["post-2500","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-biosphere-reserves-in-india","tag-biosphere-reserves-map-india","tag-conservation-in-india","tag-indian-geography-environment","tag-list-of-biosphere-reserves-in-india","tag-unesco-biosphere-reserves-india"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Biosphere Reserves in India: List, Map &amp; Importance<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explore Biosphere Reserves in India with full list, locations, UNESCO status, and importance. 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