{"id":3020,"date":"2026-09-12T07:17:15","date_gmt":"2026-09-12T07:17:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/?p=3020"},"modified":"2026-09-12T07:17:16","modified_gmt":"2026-09-12T07:17:16","slug":"great-green-wall-initiative","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/great-green-wall-initiative\/","title":{"rendered":"Great Green Wall Initiative: Objectives, Progress, Challenges and India Link\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Great Green Wall Initiative aims to restore the damaged land across Africa\u2019s Sahel Region. It was launched in 2007 by the African Union. The project covers an area as large as 8,000 kilometer corridor and now brings together 22 African countries. The initiative aims to combat desertification, climate change, and poverty. Moreover, it also aims to improve food security and local livelihoods.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-21-1024x576.jpeg\" alt=\"Great Green Wall Initiative\" class=\"wp-image-3021\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-21-1024x576.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-21-300x169.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-21-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-21-1536x864.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-21.jpeg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What Is the Great Green Wall Initiative?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Great Green Wall Initiative is the largest land restoration programme in the world. It was launched in 2007 by the African Union to restore the degraded landscape of the Sahel Region of Africa.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Initiative covers a vast area of 8000 kilometers across the Sahel Region. The project was first imagined as a chain of tree plantation in the Sahel Region to slow the spread of the Sahara Desert.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, now the idea is not just about planting trees; it is about creating a mosaic of productive ecosystems, ensuring both environmental and economic growth. Some key facts about the initiative are.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Great Green Wall Initiative UPSC Relevance<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Prelims: Key Facts, Location, Targets and Institutions<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Great Green Wall Initiative was launched by African Union in 2007\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is primarily located across Africa\u2019s Sahel Region\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Moreover, the initiative is approximately 8000 km long\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The main goals include: restoration of 100 million hectares degraded land, sequester 250 million tonnes of carbon and create 10 million green jobs by 2030\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>GS Paper I: Desertification and the Sahel Region&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Location and climate: <\/strong>The Sahel is a semi-arid belt between the Sahara Desert and the African savanna. It has high temperatures, low rainfall and frequent droughts.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Loss of productive land:<\/strong> Drought, deforestation, overgrazing and poor farming practices reduce soil fertility and vegetation cover.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Migration:<\/strong> Falling crop yields and water scarcity can force farmers and pastoralists to migrate. However, poverty, conflict and unemployment also influence migration.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Impact on livelihoods:<\/strong> Land degradation affects agriculture, livestock and water availability. Consequently, it increases food insecurity, resource competition and pressure on urban settlements.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>GS Paper II: International Cooperation and Global Institutions<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>African Union leadership:<\/strong> The Great Green Wall is an African Union flagship initiative launched in 2007. The AU provides the overall policy direction, while participating countries implement restoration projects according to local needs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>International support:<\/strong> The UNCCD and partners such as the World Bank, FAO and African Development Bank provide technical knowledge, funding and monitoring support. However, national governments remain responsible for implementation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Regional cooperation:<\/strong> Since desertification affects several countries, isolated national projects are insufficient. Therefore, African countries must share knowledge, coordinate policies and monitor progress together.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Paris Agreement and SDGs:<\/strong> By restoring land and increasing carbon storage, the initiative supports climate adaptation and mitigation under the Paris Agreement. It also contributes to SDGs 2, 8, 13 and 15.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cross-border action:<\/strong> Drought, dust storms, migration and pressure on shared water and grazing resources cross national borders. Consequently, coordinated regional action is necessary for long-term environmental security.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Major Objectives of Great Green Wall Initiative&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The initiative is an ambitious one so, it aims to tackle several problems simultaneously such as: land degradation, migration, poverty, food insecurity etc. However, its main Objectives are:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Restore <strong>100 million hectares<\/strong> of degraded land.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To sequester 100 million carbons<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Create <strong>10 million green jobs<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All these objectives are aimed to be achieved by 2030.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Countries Covered by the Great Green Wall<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Great Green Wall initiative covers 11 core Sahel countries: Burkina Faso<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan. These are the countries through which the initiative directly passes. Together, these countries form an approximately 8,000-kilometre corridor from Senegal in the west to Djibouti in the east.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, the initiative is no longer limited to this original route. It has gradually expanded and is now being implemented across 22 African countries. The other 11 participating countries are: Benin, Cape Verde, Ghana, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Togo, Uganda, The Gambia, Egypt, and Libya.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Great Green Wall Initiative progress<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Land restored:<\/strong> African Union report states that around <strong>20 million hectares of land<\/strong> were restored between 2007 and 2018. However, this remains far below the target of 100 million hectares by 2030.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Latest monitoring data:<\/strong> By December 2025, the Observatory had registered 389 projects. Fewer than 90 provided standardised data, reporting 1.66 million hectares under restoration.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Employment and beneficiaries:<\/strong> The projects reporting through the Observatory recorded <strong>4.6 million jobs<\/strong> and more than <strong>46 million beneficiaries<\/strong>. The 2030 employment target is 10 million green jobs.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Successful country-level work:<\/strong> Ethiopia has restored around <strong>15 million hectares<\/strong> through sustainable land-management programmes. Meanwhile, Senegal has planted more than <strong>12 million trees<\/strong>. These examples show that strong national action can deliver visible results.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Major Challenges Facing the Great Green Wall<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Funding shortages:<\/strong> The initiative needs large and steady investments. However, delays in releasing pledged funds have slowed many restoration projects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Political instability and conflict:<\/strong> Armed conflict and insecurity in parts of the Sahel make it difficult to carry out and monitor projects safely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Weak coordination:<\/strong> The initiative involves many countries, agencies, and donors. Differences in policies and priorities often delay implementation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Poor monitoring:<\/strong> Many projects do not provide complete or standardised data. As a result, measuring overall progress remains difficult.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Harsh climatic conditions:<\/strong> Low rainfall, extreme heat, drought, and poor soil conditions make land restoration challenging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Low survival rate of plantations:<\/strong> Some planted trees fail to survive because of water shortages, unsuitable species, and weak long-term maintenance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Limited local participation:<\/strong> Projects may fail when local communities are not involved in planning and management. Local ownership is essential for protecting restored land.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Global Significance of the Great Green Wall<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>UN Sustainable Development Goals:<\/strong> The initiative supports several SDGs, including ending poverty, improving food security, promoting decent work, taking climate action and protecting life on land.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>UN Convention to Combat Desertification:<\/strong> It supports the UNCCD\u2019s efforts to fight desertification, drought and land degradation. The UNCCD also provides technical, monitoring and financial coordination support.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Paris Agreement:<\/strong> Restored forests, grasslands and soils can absorb carbon from the atmosphere. Therefore, the initiative supports both climate-change mitigation and adaptation goals under the Paris Agreement.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Land Degradation Neutrality:<\/strong> The project helps restore damaged land and prevent further degradation. This supports the global aim of balancing land degradation with restoration.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Climate adaptation:<\/strong> Healthy land can retain more water, reduce soil erosion and support farming during droughts. As a result, local communities become better prepared for climate-related challenges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Biodiversity conservation:<\/strong> The restoration of native trees, grasslands and other habitats supports plants and wildlife. It also helps rebuild damaged ecosystems across the Sahel<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>India\u2019s Link with the Great Green Wall Initiative<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">India is not a member of Africa\u2019s Great Green Wall Initiative. However, its <strong>Aravalli Green Wall Initiative<\/strong> follows a similar land-restoration approach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The project aims to restore <strong>6.31 million hectares<\/strong> across Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana and Delhi. Its 2025\u20132034 plan focuses on restoring forests and grasslands, reclaiming mining areas and improving soil, water and biodiversity. It works through programmes such as CAMPA, MGNREGS and the Green India Mission.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 2025, around <strong>36,025 hectares<\/strong> were restored, while 435 nurseries were established across the region. Although the two initiatives are separate, both aim to fight land degradation and build climate resilience through large-scale restoration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>Great Green Wall Initiative<\/strong> is much more than a tree-planting programme. It connects land restoration with climate action, food security, employment and better livelihoods. Although the initiative has achieved progress, funding gaps, weak monitoring and coordination problems continue to slow it down. For India, these experiences offer valuable lessons for the Aravalli Green Wall Initiative. Long-term funding, native species, community participation and transparent monitoring will be essential. Ultimately, restoring land succeeds only when both nature and local communities benefit from it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sources:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/www.unccd.int\/our-work\/ggwi\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">READ MORE:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>URL<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/aravalli-mountain-range-india\/\">https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/aravalli-mountain-range-india\/<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/green-india-mission\/\">https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/green-india-mission\/<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/what-are-climate-change-conventions\/\">https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/what-are-climate-change-conventions\/<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/international-day-for-biological-diversity-2026\/\">https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/international-day-for-biological-diversity-2026\/<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/periodic-assessment-of-forest-resources-in-india\/\">https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/periodic-assessment-of-forest-resources-in-india\/<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/mains_exam\/q-10-do-you-think-green-credit-programme-can-be-used-to-circumvent-existing-laws-particularly-those-that-deal-with-forest-conservation-substantiate-your-answer\/\">https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/mains_exam\/q-10-do-you-think-green-credit-programme-can-be-used-to-circumvent-existing-laws-particularly-those-that-deal-with-forest-conservation-substantiate-your-answer\/<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/important-days-in-june-2026-complete-list-of-national-and-international-days\/\">https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/important-days-in-june-2026-complete-list-of-national-and-international-days\/<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/wetlands-guardians-of-biodiversity-and-ecosystem-services\/\">https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/wetlands-guardians-of-biodiversity-and-ecosystem-services\/<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/the-remarkable-resilience-of-sundarbans\/\">https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/the-remarkable-resilience-of-sundarbans\/<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/indias-green-economy-the-transitional-way\/\">https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/indias-green-economy-the-transitional-way\/<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Great Green Wall Initiative aims to restore the damaged land across Africa\u2019s Sahel Region. It was launched in 2007 by the African Union. The<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":3022,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3020","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Great Green Wall Initiative: Objectives, Progress &amp; Challenges<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explore the Great Green Wall Initiative, its objectives, progress, major challenges and India link, with key facts on desertification, land restoration and climate action.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/great-green-wall-initiative\/\" 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