{"id":76,"date":"2025-02-10T11:34:09","date_gmt":"2025-02-10T11:34:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/?p=76"},"modified":"2025-09-22T11:44:48","modified_gmt":"2025-09-22T11:44:48","slug":"the-india-meteorological-department-imd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/spmiasacademy.com\/currentaffairs\/the-india-meteorological-department-imd\/","title":{"rendered":"The India Meteorological Department (IMD) Sesquicentennial: A Milestone in Scientific Achievement and Technological Innovation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>As the <strong>India Meteorological Department (IMD)<\/strong> marks its <strong>150th (sesquicentennial) anniversary in 2025<\/strong>, it is appropriate to critically examine its historical <strong>trajectory, <\/strong>recent <strong>accomplishments, <\/strong>and<strong> future prospects<\/strong> within the context of <strong>India&#8217;s meteorological and climate science landscape<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Established in <strong>1875<\/strong>, <strong>IMD<\/strong> has played a crucial role in <strong>national development<\/strong> through its continuous <strong>evolution<\/strong>. Its <strong>contributions<\/strong> span various <strong>sectors<\/strong>, shaping <strong>policies and advancements<\/strong> that impact the <strong>nation<\/strong>. Newly introduced <strong>initiatives<\/strong>, such as <strong>&#8220;Mission Mausam,&#8221;<\/strong> hold <strong>transformative potential<\/strong>, further strengthening its <strong>influence and effectiveness<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXcPIgbFFpFiHy_S8f1312Pi_7heNPofavXjpF8ynHcHG6J4U8mxH4LDG8PVoLwTW43hVLjicK6JrpujOWabTgXgWgljxQWXMamvRBZ3X5NGUljK_DXdmHC6Lbw3xvFRmiIFpP-4Dg?key=Fr8LBwiIXW356vHfzhO6Lps6\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:499px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Historical Context and Institutional Development<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The establishment of the <strong>IMD in 1875<\/strong> was precipitated by a series of <strong>catastrophic weather events<\/strong> that underscored the imperative for a <strong>centralized meteorological monitoring system<\/strong> in India. Notable among these were the <strong>tropical cyclone<\/strong> that devastated <strong>Calcutta in 1864<\/strong> and the <strong>severe monsoon failures of 1866 and 1871<\/strong>. These events catalyzed the recognition of the <strong>critical need for advanced weather forecasting capabilities<\/strong> to mitigate the impact of <strong>extreme weather phenomena<\/strong> on the <strong>populace and economy<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Over the ensuing <strong>150 years<\/strong>, the <strong>IMD<\/strong> has evolved into a <strong>cornerstone institution<\/strong> within India&#8217;s <strong>scientific establishment<\/strong>. Operating under the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences<\/strong>, the department has expanded its <strong>mandate<\/strong> beyond <strong>basic weather forecasting<\/strong> to encompass a <strong>comprehensive range of meteorological services, climate research, and seismological monitoring<\/strong>. This <strong>expansion of scope<\/strong> reflects the growing <strong>complexity of atmospheric sciences<\/strong> and the increasing <strong>societal demand for precise and timely meteorological information<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Recent Achievements and Technological Advancements<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Improved Forecast Accuracy<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) has significantly enhanced its forecasting capabilities, achieving a <strong>40% improvement in forecast accuracy in 2023 compared to 2014<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This advancement is largely due to the expansion of the <strong>Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) network<\/strong>, which grew from <strong>15 radars in 2014 to 39 in 2023<\/strong>, leading to a <strong>35% increase in land area coverage<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The improved accuracy has strengthened early warning systems, helping to mitigate the impact of extreme weather events.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXdG72tU4FIp1waAss_gH-xbLGs7RVT_G5LDCnaULXcrocVtITb1h8XZDNUJXksYJKRFhbSzLmhBMq9FGJJVNC_g1eKvsAhOueKXP3yAfSXkQZPXT3PFueNEguH4USCGK8YgIcwj-g?key=Fr8LBwiIXW356vHfzhO6Lps6\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:476px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Advanced Numerical Weather Prediction Models<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>IMD has incorporated <strong>cutting-edge numerical weather prediction models<\/strong> to enhance real-time forecasting.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model<\/strong> is designed for <strong>nowcasting<\/strong>, providing highly detailed and short-term forecasts for rainfall and storm reflectivity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>Electric Weather Research and Forecasting (EWRF) model<\/strong> focuses on <strong>predicting lightning density and accumulated rainfall<\/strong>, improving preparedness for severe weather conditions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>These models represent significant advancements in meteorological science, enabling <strong>more precise and timely weather alerts<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Indigenous Technological Development<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>IMD has made remarkable progress in developing <strong>indigenous weather monitoring technology<\/strong>, reducing reliance on foreign imports and supporting national self-reliance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Since <strong>1958<\/strong>, the department has developed its own <strong>RADAR systems<\/strong>, ensuring sustained advancements in domestic weather surveillance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In <strong>1983<\/strong>, IMD began collaborating with the <strong>Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)<\/strong> to integrate satellite data into weather forecasting, enhancing accuracy and efficiency.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The development and domestic production of <strong>Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) since 2000<\/strong> have strengthened India&#8217;s ability to monitor climate conditions, aligning with the <strong>&#8220;Make in India&#8221; initiative<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Modernization of Observational Infrastructure<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>As part of its modernization drive, IMD <strong>replaced all Mercury Barometers in Class I observatories with Digital Barometers by 2023<\/strong>, in line with the <strong>UNEP Minamata Convention<\/strong>, eliminating mercury-related health hazards.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>deployment of 200 Agro Automatic Weather Stations (AGRO AWS)<\/strong> has significantly bolstered <strong>agro-meteorological services<\/strong>, providing farmers with real-time weather data to optimize agricultural planning and reduce climate-related risks.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>These infrastructural upgrades have <strong>enhanced data collection, improved weather prediction accuracy, and strengthened India&#8217;s preparedness for climate variability<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Through these advancements, IMD has <strong>reinforced its role as a leader in meteorological services, leveraging technology for national development, disaster preparedness, and climate resilience<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXfJWy1fA9bXLNElzAh6DhVr0z9XPfWcLPmBR9w17hepWh7FXTUS1t5JsSZKLIdLftUIWZ39fzgLtCuQZLxXLJ1jNtVI5wCNVJhH5e_j-Xp2h1YHap0wdmB8OhW7pxM2_gmRflNmSA?key=Fr8LBwiIXW356vHfzhO6Lps6\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:526px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Public Engagement and Data Democratization<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Recognizing the importance of public participation in weather monitoring, the IMD has initiated several crowdsourcing initiatives. In 2021, an online interface was launched to collect weather occurrence and impact information for six key weather events. This was followed by the introduction of the &#8220;Public Observation&#8221; mobile application in January 2022, enabling real-time weather feedback from users. These initiatives represent a paradigm shift towards more inclusive and participatory approaches in meteorological data collection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The launch of <em>&#8220;Mausamgram,&#8221;<\/em> an interactive location-specific weather forecast meteogram, on January 15, 2024, marks another significant milestone in the IMD&#8217;s efforts to democratize access to weather information. This tool exemplifies the department&#8217;s commitment to making complex meteorological data accessible and comprehensible to the general public.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cyclone Prediction and Disaster Mitigation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the most impactful achievements of the IMD has been its improvement in cyclone prediction accuracy. The department&#8217;s precise forecasts for cyclones such as Phailin (2013), Hudhud (2014), Fani (2019), Amphan (2020), Tauktae (2021), Biparjoy (2023), and Dana (2024) have significantly contributed to disaster preparedness and mitigation efforts. Notably, no cyclone-related fatalities were reported between 2020 and 2024, a testament to the effectiveness of the IMD&#8217;s early warning systems and the broader disaster management infrastructure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mission Mausam: A Paradigm Shift in Weather Forecasting<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The launch of <strong>&#8220;Mission Mausam&#8221;<\/strong> by <strong>Prime Minister Narendra Modi<\/strong> on the eve of <strong>IMD&#8217;s 150th anniversary<\/strong> represents a significant <strong>policy initiative<\/strong> aimed at revolutionizing India&#8217;s approach to <strong>weather forecasting<\/strong> and <strong>climate adaptation<\/strong>. With an allocated <strong>budget of Rs 2,000 crore<\/strong> for the initial two years, this ambitious project seeks to elevate India&#8217;s <strong>meteorological capabilities<\/strong> to unprecedented levels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>core objectives<\/strong> of <strong>Mission Mausam<\/strong> align with the pressing need for enhanced <strong>climate resilience<\/strong> and <strong>adaptive capacity<\/strong> in the face of intensifying <strong>climate change impacts<\/strong>. By focusing on <strong>precision, preparedness, and technological progress<\/strong>, the mission aims to benefit a wide array of sectors, including <strong>agriculture, aviation, disaster management, and public health<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>potential implications<\/strong> of <strong>Mission Mausam<\/strong> are far-reaching. For the <strong>agricultural sector<\/strong>, it promises to enable more accurate <strong>crop planning<\/strong> and <strong>harvesting schedules<\/strong>. In the realm of <strong>disaster management<\/strong>, it could facilitate more <strong>timely and effective mobilization of response teams<\/strong>. For the <strong>general public<\/strong>, it offers the prospect of <strong>enhanced daily planning<\/strong> through access to <strong>highly accurate weather information<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>ACROSS Scheme: A Comprehensive Approach to Atmospheric Science<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Comprehensive Framework for Atmospheric Science<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <strong>Atmosphere &amp; Climate Research \u2013 Modelling Observing Systems &amp; Services (ACROSS) scheme<\/strong> is a <strong>central sector initiative<\/strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It provides a <strong>structured framework<\/strong> for various programs aimed at <strong>advancing meteorology, climate research, and weather forecasting<\/strong> in India.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The scheme plays a crucial role in strengthening India\u2019s ability to <strong>predict and respond to changing weather patterns and climate conditions<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Key Sub-Schemes under ACROSS<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The scheme includes several specialized programs designed to <strong>improve monsoon prediction, enhance computing capabilities, and deepen climate research<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Monsoon Convection, Clouds, and Climate Change (MC4) program<\/strong>: Focuses on <strong>understanding monsoon dynamics, cloud formation, and the impact of climate change<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>High Performance Computing Systems (HPCS)<\/strong>: Develops <strong>cutting-edge computational tools<\/strong> to improve weather prediction models.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Monsoon Mission Phase II (MM-II)<\/strong>: Expands research on <strong>monsoon variability and long-term climate forecasting<\/strong>, ensuring better preparedness for extreme weather events.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXftocR5sv-n2gxufDq6VxX3fNOBApW_aeOiexyqj9-UWuG7QwrWLExyoRgQMbQXewdVY8-UWG5oRgnXzSCZy-lpmie03OAOsOnzMfn6zXUJZfy74imnca2C6Ck9TDRnE-aZWL6CSg?key=Fr8LBwiIXW356vHfzhO6Lps6\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:524px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ol start=\"3\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Collaborative Implementation for Maximum Impact<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>ACROSS is implemented through a <strong>multi-institutional approach<\/strong>, ensuring the efficient use of expertise and technology.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Major institutions involved include:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>India Meteorological Department (IMD)<\/strong> \u2013 Responsible for <strong>weather forecasting <\/strong>and<strong> early warning systems<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM)<\/strong> \u2013 Conducts research on<strong> tropical weather and climate patterns<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF)<\/strong> \u2013 Works on <strong>medium-range weather prediction and advanced modeling<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)<\/strong> \u2013 Specializes in <strong>oceanic observations and early warning systems for coastal areas<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Strengthening India&#8217;s Climate Research Capabilities<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>By integrating <strong>advanced technology, computational tools, and scientific research<\/strong>, ACROSS enhances India\u2019s ability to <strong>analyze and predict climate trends<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The scheme supports India\u2019s long-term goals in <strong>climate resilience, disaster preparedness, and environmental sustainability<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Its initiatives contribute significantly to <strong>India\u2019s leadership in atmospheric and oceanic sciences<\/strong>, ensuring the country remains at the forefront of <strong>weather and climate research<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Through <strong>ACROSS<\/strong>, India continues to make <strong>significant strides in meteorology, climate science, and weather prediction<\/strong>, complementing initiatives like <strong>Mission Mausam<\/strong> to create a <strong>robust and adaptive climate research framework<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Conclusion and Future Prospects<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As the India Meteorological Department celebrates its <strong>150th anniversary<\/strong>, it exemplifies India&#8217;s scientific evolution. From its founding in <strong>1875<\/strong> to becoming a globally recognized meteorological service, IMD&#8217;s journey mirrors the nation&#8217;s technological progress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>India Meteorological Department (IMD)<\/strong>, with initiatives like <strong>Mission Mausam<\/strong> and the <strong>ACROSS scheme<\/strong>, is at the forefront of meteorological innovation. These efforts enhance India&#8217;s <strong>weather forecasting, climate resilience, and adaptive capacity<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Moving forward, IMD must balance <strong>technological advancement<\/strong> with addressing <strong>climate change challenges<\/strong>. The success of initiatives like <strong>Mission Mausam<\/strong> will shape India\u2019s preparedness for extreme weather. Equally crucial is ensuring <strong>effective dissemination of forecasts<\/strong> to key sectors for maximum impact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>IMD\u2019s <strong>150th anniversary<\/strong> marks both a milestone and a turning point. As climate threats grow, its role in <strong>safeguarding lives, livelihoods, and development<\/strong> becomes more critical. With a <strong>strong legacy<\/strong> and ongoing innovation, IMD is well-positioned to meet future challenges and reinforce India\u2019s <strong>scientific and technological leadership<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXd31_8h7OnBZ1ecRWZ9pCx4grtbMWV2lzgrb-E1FHdbztPG22uP0JnxhgaRnVspVDdSD-LN06CxUKkEM4-Z8-QzsjoyQ6k4_ymho--R4PJ95zyUjZfgIWs9uWNMjd7_6wNuWp14Pw?key=Fr8LBwiIXW356vHfzhO6Lps6\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Citation:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/metnet.imd.gov.in\/phps\/imdweb_imdarep.php\">https:\/\/metnet.imd.gov.in\/phps\/imdweb_imdarep.php<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/mausam.imd.gov.in\/event\/curtain_raiser_2025.php\">https:\/\/mausam.imd.gov.in\/event\/curtain_raiser_2025.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mausam.imd.gov.in\/event\/curtain_raiser_2025.php\">https:\/\/mausam.imd.gov.in\/event\/curtain_raiser_2025.php<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/mausam.imd.gov.in\/responsive\/imdBroucher.php\">https:\/\/mausam.imd.gov.in\/responsive\/imdBroucher.php<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.mygov.in\/editorial\/celebrating-150-years-of-excellence-a-journey-of-the-india%02meteorological-department\/\">https:\/\/blog.mygov.in\/editorial\/celebrating-150-years-of-excellence-a-journey-of-the-indiameteorological-department\/<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1990555\">https:\/\/pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1990555<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>MCQ&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q. With reference to Mission Mausam, consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It is an initiative of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The mission aims to revive India&#8217;s maritime heritage and cultural linkages with Indian Ocean Region countries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It primarily focuses on the documentation of tangible heritage like monuments and artifacts.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>(a) 1 and 2 only<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(b) 2 only<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(c) 2 and 3 only<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(d) 1, 2, and 3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Correct Answer: (b) 2 only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong> Mission Mausam is an initiative of the Ministry of Culture, not the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. Its primary aim is to revive India\u2019s maritime and cultural linkages with Indian Ocean Region countries by exploring shared cultural and historical heritage. The mission emphasizes the documentation of both tangible and intangible heritage, with a focus on fostering cultural ties, rather than exclusively on tangible heritage like monuments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mains Question (15 Marks):<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) plays a crucial role in disaster management, agriculture, and climate resilience in India. Critically analyze the contributions and limitations of IMD in addressing the challenges of weather forecasting and climate variability.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>(250 words)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As the India Meteorological Department (IMD) marks its 150th (sesquicentennial) anniversary in 2025, it is appropriate to critically examine its historical trajectory, recent accomplishments, and<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-76","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blog"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>India Meteorological Department (IMD): Role &amp; Significance<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Understand 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