General Studies Paper 2 (GS-2) is a crucial part of the UPSC Civil Services Mains Examination (CSE). It focuses on assessing a candidate’s understanding of Indian governance, polity, constitution, social justice and international relations. The topics covered in this paper are vast and multidimensional, requiring both factual knowledge and analytical depth.
Below is the UPSC Mains GS Paper 2 syllabus as officially prescribed by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)
General Studies-II complete syllabus
(Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International Relations)
- Indian Constitution—Historical Underpinnings, Evolution, Features, Amendments, Significant Provisions and Basic Structure.
- Functions and Responsibilities of the Union and the States, Issues and Challenges Pertaining to the Federal Structure, Devolution of Powers and Finances up to Local Levels and Challenges Therein.
- Separation of Powers between various organs Dispute Redressal Mechanisms and Institutions.
- Comparison of the Indian Constitutional Scheme with that of Other Countries.
- Parliament and State Legislatures—Structure, Functioning, Conduct of Business, Powers & Privileges and Issues Arising out of these.
- Structure, Organization and Functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary—Ministries and Departments of the Government; Pressure Groups and Formal/Informal Associations and their Role in the Polity.
- Salient Features of the Representation of People’s Act.
- Appointment to various Constitutional Posts, Powers, Functions and Responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies.
- Statutory, Regulatory and various Quasi-judicial Bodies.
- Government Policies and Interventions for Development in various sectors and Issues arising out of their Design and Implementation.
- Development Processes and the Development Industry — the Role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders.
- Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these Schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
- Issues Relating to Development and Management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
- Issues relating to Poverty and Hunger.
- Important Aspects of Governance, Transparency and Accountability, E-governance- applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; Citizens Charters, Transparency & Accountability and institutional and other measures.
- Role of Civil Services in a Democracy.
- India and its Neighborhood- Relations.
- Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
- Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India’s interests, Indian Diaspora.
- Important International Institutions, agencies and fora – their Structure, Mandate.
IAS Mains General Studies-II
UPSC Mains General Studies Paper-III mainly consists of the following core subjects:
- Governance
- Constitution
- Polity
- Social Justice
- International relations
Similar to General Studies Paper I, General Studies Paper I also has very few direct, one-dimensional questions. The paper demands a good grasp of concepts and the capability to think critically and analytically. The questions are largely interlinked — merging subjects such as governance, polity, international relations, and social justice. Candidates must be able to connect current affairs with key subjects to pen detailed answers. If you are preparing for UPSC Mains in 2025, make sure you read the corresponding article for the detailed syllabus along with the core areas that you need to focus on.
Focus Areas in Mains General Studies-II
Below are the key focus areas in Mains General Studies Paper-II that every aspirant should concentrate on during their preparation:
| Polity | |
|---|---|
| Indian Constitution | |
| Historical Underpinning & Evolution | • Regulating Act (1773) to Independence Act (1947) • Constituent Assembly • Objective Resolution • Enactment & Enforcement of Constitution |
| Features | • WrittenFlexible & Rigid • Federal & Unitary • Parliamentary Form of Government (Presidential vs. Parliamentary Type of Government) |
| Amendments | • List of Significant Amendments & Their Provisions • Procedure for Amending Constitution |
| Significant Provisions | • Fundamental Rights • Directive Principles of State Policy • Judicial ReviewUniversal Adult Franchise • Single CitizenshipSeparation of Powers |
| Basic Structure | The DoctrineJudgments & Cases |
| Functions & Responsibilities of Union & States | |
| 7th ScheduleLegislative FunctionsFinancial FunctionsAdministrative & Quasi-Judicial Functions | |
| Issues & Challenges Pertaining to the Federal Structure | |
| Federal Structure in India – Is India truly Federal? | |
| Cooperative & Competitive Federalism | |
| Centre-State Relations | Legislative Relations • Administrative Relations • Financial RelationsTrends in Centre-State Relations |
| Inter-State Relations | • Inter-state Water DisputesInter-State CouncilsPublic Acts, Records and Judicial Proceedings • Inter-State Trade and CommerceZonal Councils |
| Emergency Provisions | |
| Role of Governor | |
| Reports of Various Commissions | 2nd ARC, Punchhi, Sarkaria, etc. |
| Devolution of Powers & Finances to Local Levels & Challenges Therein | |
| • Role of State Government • Role of State Finance Commission • 11th & 12th Schedule • Reasons for Ineffective Performance • Panchayat Devolution Index ( NITI Aayog) • Steps That Can Be Taken to Improve Their Performance | |
| Separation of Powers Between Various Organs | |
| • Doctrine of Separation of Power • Separation of Power in Indian Constitution • Doctrine of Checks & Balances • Provisions for Checks & Balances in Indian Constitution • Related Judgments – Golaknath case, Kesavananda Bharati, Indira Gandhi Vs Raj Narain, Ram Jawaya vs Punjab | |
| Dispute Redressal Mechanisms and Institutions | |
| • RTI • PIL • Tribunals, etc. | |
| Comparison of the Indian Constitutional Scheme With That of Other Countries Parliament & State Legislatures | |
| Structure, Functioning, Conduct of Business, Powers & Privileges | •Written Constitution • Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility • Federal System with Unitary Bias • Parliamentary Form of Government • Synthesis of Parliamentary Sovereignty and Judicial Supremacy • Integrated and Independent Judiciary • Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy, Fundamental Duties • Secular State • Universal Adult FranchiseSingle Citizenship • Emergency ProvisionsThree-tier Government • Due Process of Law vs. Procedure Established by Law • Impeachment of President, etc |
| Structure, Organization & Functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary | |
| Executive | • Union:President • Prime Minister •Council of Ministers • Cabinet Secretariat • State:Governor • Chief Minister • Council of MinistersSecretariat |
| Judiciary | • Three-Tier Structure • Chief Justice of India • SC & HC Judges • Jurisdiction |
| Ministries and Departments of the Government | |
| • Cabinet Ministries • Other Ministries • Parliamentary Secretaries | |
| Salient Features of Representation of People’s Act | |
| Appointment to Various Constitutional Posts | |
| Appointment, Powers, Functions & Responsibilities of: | • Election Commission • Union Public Service Commission • State Public Service Commission • Finance Commission • National Commission for SCs • National Commission for STs • Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities • Comptroller and Auditor General of India • Attorney General of India • Advocate General of the State |
| Statutory, Regulatory & Quasi-Judicial Bodies | |
| • NITI aayog • RBI • national human rights commission • state human rights commission • central information commission • central vigilance commission • central bureau of investigation • lokpal and lokayuktas • national commission for women • national commission for backward classes • national commission for minorities • insurance regulatory and development authority •securities and exchange board of india •competition commission of india •telecom regulatory authority of india •central electricity regulatory commission •atomic energy regulatory board •central pollution control board •medical council of india •inland waterways authority of india •central ground water authority • directorate general of civil aviation • pension fund regulatory and development authority • food safety and standards authority of india • bar council of india • university grants commission • financial stability and development council • all india council for technical education • national green tribunal • competition appellate tribunal • income-tax appellate tribunal • cyber appellate tribunal • intellectual property appellate board | |
| Governance | |
|---|---|
| Government Policies & Interventions in Various Sectors | Health, Gender, Education, Poverty, Economic etc |
| Issues Arising Out of Their Design & Implementation | • Concerns/Issues • Suggestions for Improvement • Critical Assessment of Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS)Rationalisation of CSS • Analysis of Main Schemes: • Beti Bachao Beti Padhao • Smart City • Swachh Bharat Abhiyan • MGNERGA • Digital IndiaMake in IndiaSkill India • PM Jan Dhan Yojana • Start-up India etc. |
| Development Processes & the Development Industry | |
| • Role of Social Capital •Organisations • Indian Context • Classification • Provisions for the Third Sector in the Indian Constitution • National Policy on the Voluntary Sector 2007 | |
| Non-Governmental Organisations | • Role and Impact of Non-governmental Organizations • Issue Areas: Accreditation, Legitimacy & Accountability, Foreign Funding etc. |
| Self Help Groups (SHGs) | • Need for SHGs • Benefits of SHGs • Weaknesses of SHGs • Challenges • Measures to Make SHGs Effective • Case Studies: Kudumbashree (Kerala), Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (Maharashtra) |
| Societies, Trusts and Cooperatives | • Societies • Trust • Religious Endowments • Cooperatives –Need for • Cooperatives • Constitutional Provisions • National Policy on Co-operatives, 2002 • Issues and Challenges in the Cooperatives Sector |
| Important Aspects of Governance, Transparency & Accountability | |
| Governance | • Dimensions of Governance • Good Governance (GG) • Aspects of GG • Barriers to GG • Necessary Pre-conditions for GG • How to Ensure GG |
| E-Governance | • Applications • Models • Successes • Limitations • Potential • Recent e-governance Initiatives by Government |
| Citizens Charters (CC) | • Components of CC • Features of CC • Six Principles of CC • Shortcomings of CC • Measures to Make CC • Effective • Sevottam Model |
| Aspects of Transparency | |
| Elements & Types of Accountability | |
| Means to ensure Transparency & Accountability | • RTI • Social Audit • Whistleblower Protection Bill • Lokpal & Lokayuktas Act |
| Role of Civil Services in a Democracy | |
| Relationship Between Civil Service And Democracy | |
| Role Played By Civil Services | • Advisory Role in Policy Making • Institutionalise Socio-economic change • Discharge Delegated Functions • Administer Law of the Land • Watchdogs • Continuity in times of Political Instability • Record-Keeping • Channel of Communication |
| Ailments/Issues Afflicting Indian Civil Services | • Lack of Professionalism & Poor Capacity Building • Inefficient Incentive Systems • Outdated Rules & Procedures • Systemic Inconsistencies in Promotion • Lack of Adequate Transparency & Accountability Procedures • Arbitrary & Whimsical Transfers • Political Interference & Administrative Acquiescence • Gradual Erosion in Values & Ethics • Redtapism • Elitist in Nature • Poor PayTendency to Capture Power |
| Reforming Bureaucracy to Strengthen Democracy | • Setting Right the Asymmetry of Power • Insulating Civil Servants from Undue Political Interference • Professionalisation with Stability of Tenure & Competition • Citizen-Centric Administration Governance Government Policies & Interventions in Various Sectors Health, Gender, Education, Poverty, Economic etc Issues Arising Out of Their Design & Implementation • Concerns/Issues • Suggestions for Improvement • Critical Assessment of Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS)Rationalisation of CSS • Analysis of Main Schemes: • Beti Bachao Beti Padhao • Smart City • Swachh Bharat Abhiyan • MGNERGA • Digital IndiaMake in IndiaSkill India • PM Jan Dhan Yojana • Start-up India etc. Development Processes & the Development Industry • Role of Social Capital •Organisations • Indian Context • Classification • Provisions for the Third Sector in the Indian Constitution • National Policy on the Voluntary Sector 2007 Non-Governmental Organisations • Role and Impact of Non-governmental Organizations • Issue Areas: Accreditation, Legitimacy & Accountability, Foreign Funding etc. Self Help Groups (SHGs) • Need for SHGs • Benefits of SHGs • Weaknesses of SHGs • Challenges • Measures to Make SHGs Effective • Case Studies: Kudumbashree (Kerala), Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (Maharashtra) Societies, Trusts and Cooperatives • Societies • Trust • Religious Endowments • Cooperatives –Need for • Cooperatives • Constitutional Provisions • National Policy on Co-operatives, 2002 • Issues and Challenges in the Cooperatives Sector Important Aspects of Governance, Transparency & Accountability • Governance • Dimensions of Governance • Good Governance (GG) • Aspects of GG • Barriers to GG • Necessary Pre-conditions for GG • How to Ensure GG • E-Governance • Applications • Models • Successes • Limitations • Potential • Recent e-governance Initiatives by Government • Citizens Charters (CC) • Components of CC • Features of CC • Six Principles of CC • Shortcomings of CC • Measures to Make CC • Effective • Sevottam Model • Aspects of Transparency • Elements & Types of Accountability Means to ensure Transparency & Accountability • RTI • Social Audit • Whistleblower Protection Bill • Lokpal & Lokayuktas Act Role of Civil Services in a Democracy • Relationship Between Civil Service And Democracy Role Played By Civil Services • Advisory Role in Policy Making • Institutionalise Socio-economic change • Discharge Delegated Functions • Administer Law of the Land • Watchdogs • Continuity in times of Political Instability • Record-Keeping • Channel of Communication • Ailments/Issues Afflicting Indian Civil Services • Lack of Professionalism & Poor Capacity Building • Inefficient Incentive Systems • Outdated Rules & Procedures • Systemic Inconsistencies in Promotion • Lack of Adequate Transparency & Accountability Procedures • Arbitrary & Whimsical Transfers • Political Interference & Administrative Acquiescence • Gradual Erosion in Values & Ethics • Redtapism • Elitist in Nature • Poor PayTendency to Capture Power Reforming Bureaucracy to Strengthen Democracy • Setting Right the Asymmetry of Power • Insulating Civil Servants from Undue Political Interference • Professionalisation with Stability of Tenure & Competition • Citizen-Centric Administration • Accountability • Outcome Orientation • Promoting Public Service Values & Ethics Governance • Government Policies & Interventions in Various Sectors • Health, Gender, Education, Poverty, Economic etc • Issues Arising Out of Their Design & Implementation • Concerns/Issues • Suggestions for Improvement • Critical Assessment of Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS)Rationalisation of CSS • Analysis of Main Schemes: • Beti Bachao Beti Padhao • Smart City • Swachh Bharat Abhiyan • MGNERGA • Digital IndiaMake in IndiaSkill India • PM Jan Dhan Yojana • Start-up India etc. Development Processes & the Development Industry • Role of Social Capital •Organisations • Indian Context • Classification • Provisions for the Third Sector in the Indian Constitution • National Policy on the Voluntary Sector 2007 Non-Governmental Organisations • Role and Impact of Non-governmental Organizations • Issue Areas: Accreditation, Legitimacy & Accountability, Foreign Funding etc. Self Help Groups (SHGs) • Need for SHGs • Benefits of SHGs • Weaknesses of SHGs • Challenges • Measures to Make SHGs Effective • Case Studies: Kudumbashree (Kerala), Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (Maharashtra) Societies, Trusts and Cooperatives • Societies • Trust • Religious Endowments • Cooperatives –Need for • Cooperatives • Constitutional Provisions • National Policy on Co-operatives, 2002 • Issues and Challenges in the Cooperatives Sector Important Aspects of Governance, Transparency & Accountability • Governance • Dimensions of Governance • Good Governance (GG) • Aspects of GG • Barriers to GG • Necessary Pre-conditions for GG • How to Ensure GG • E-Governance • Applications • Models • Successes • Limitations • Potential • Recent e-governance Initiatives by Government • Citizens Charters (CC) • Components of CC • Features of CC • Six Principles of CC • Shortcomings of CC • Measures to Make CC • Effective • Sevottam Model Aspects of Transparency Elements & Types of Accountability Means to ensure Transparency & Accountability • RTI • Social Audit • Whistleblower Protection BillLokpal & Lokayuktas Act Role of Civil Services in a Democracy • Relationship Between Civil Service And Democracy Role Played By Civil Services • Advisory Role in Policy Making • Institutionalise Socio-economic change • Discharge Delegated Functions • Administer Law of the Land • Watchdogs • Continuity in times of Political Instability • Record-Keeping • Channel of Communication Ailments/Issues Afflicting Indian Civil Services • Lack of Professionalism & Poor Capacity Building • Inefficient Incentive Systems • Outdated Rules & Procedures • Systemic Inconsistencies in Promotion • Lack of Adequate Transparency & Accountability Procedures • Arbitrary & Whimsical Transfers • Political Interference & Administrative Acquiescence • Gradual Erosion in Values & Ethics • Redtapism • Elitist in Nature • Poor PayTendency to Capture Power Reforming Bureaucracy to Strengthen Democracy • Setting Right the Asymmetry of Power • Insulating Civil Servants from Undue Political Interference • Professionalisation with Stability of Tenure & Competition • Citizen-Centric Administration Governance • Government Policies & Interventions in Various Sectors • Health, Gender, Education, Poverty, Economic etc. • Issues Arising Out of Their Design & Implementation • Concerns/Issues • Suggestions for Improvement • Critical Assessment of Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS)Rationalisation of CSS • Analysis of Main Schemes: • Beti Bachao Beti Padhao • Smart City • Swachh Bharat Abhiyan • MGNERGA • Digital IndiaMake in IndiaSkill India • PM Jan Dhan Yojana • Start-up India etc. Development Processes & the Development Industry • Role of Social Capital •Organisations • Indian Context • Classification • Provisions for the Third Sector in the Indian Constitution • National Policy on the Voluntary Sector 2007 Non-Governmental Organisations • Role and Impact of Non-governmental Organizations • Issue Areas: Accreditation, Legitimacy & Accountability, Foreign Funding etc. Self Help Groups (SHGs) • Need for SHGs • Benefits of SHGs • Weaknesses of SHGs • Challenges • Measures to Make SHGs Effective • Case Studies: Kudumbashree (Kerala), Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (Maharashtra) Societies, Trusts and Cooperatives • Societies • Trust • Religious Endowments • Cooperatives –Need for • Cooperatives • Constitutional Provisions • National Policy on Co-operatives, 2002 • Issues and Challenges in the Cooperatives Sector Important Aspects of Governance, Transparency & Accountability • Governance • Dimensions of Governance • Good Governance (GG) • Aspects of GG • Barriers to GG • Necessary Pre-conditions for GGHow to Ensure GG • E-Governance • Applications • Models • Successes • Limitations • Potential • Recent e-governance Initiatives by Government Citizens Charters (CC) • Components of CC • Features of CC • Six Principles of CC • Shortcomings of CC • Measures to Make CC • Effective • Sevottam Model • Aspects of Transparency Elements & Types of Accountability Means to ensure Transparency & Accountability • RTI • Social Audit • Whistleblower Protection BillLokpal & Lokayuktas Act Role of Civil Services in a Democracy Relationship Between Civil Service And Democracy Role Played By Civil Services • Advisory Role in Policy Making • Institutionalise Socio-economic change • Discharge Delegated Functions • Administer Law of the Land • Watchdogs • Continuity in times of Political Instability • Record-Keeping • Channel of Communication Ailments/Issues Afflicting Indian Civil Services • Lack of Professionalism & Poor Capacity Building • Inefficient Incentive Systems • Outdated Rules & Procedures • Systemic Inconsistencies in Promotion • Lack of Adequate Transparency & Accountability Procedures • Arbitrary & Whimsical Transfers • Political Interference & Administrative Acquiescence • Gradual Erosion in Values & Ethics • Redtapism • Elitist in Nature • Poor PayTendency to Capture Power Reforming Bureaucracy to Strengthen Democracy • Setting Right the Asymmetry of Power • Insulating Civil Servants from Undue Political Interference • Professionalisation with Stability of Tenure & Competition • Citizen-Centric Administration • Accountability • Outcome Orientation • Promoting Public Service Values & Ethics |
| SOCIAL JUSTICE | |
|---|---|
| Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections | |
| Schemes for the Following Vulnerable Sections | • SCs & STs • Minorities • Children • Elderly • Disabled • Women • Transgender |
| Performance of These Schemes | |
| Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions & Bodies Constituted for Protection & Betterment of These Vulnerable Sections | • SCs: The Protection of Civil Rights Act • The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act • National Commission for Scheduled Castes • Scheduled Castes Sub Plan • Disabled:The Rehabilitation Council of India Act • The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act • Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act • The National Trust for Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act • Rights of the Persons with Disabilities Act • STs: National Commission for Scheduled Tribes • Tribal Sub Plan • TRIFED • Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act • Minorities:National Commission for Minorities • National Commission for Religious and Linguistic Minorities |
| Women & Children | • The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act • The Indecent Representation of Women (Prevention) Act • The Dowry Prohibition ActThe Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act • The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act • Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act • Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act • Central Adoption Resource Agency (CARA) • The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act • Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) • Pre-Conception and Pre Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PC&PNDT) Act • Gender Budgeting • National Policy for Women • Domestic Violence Act • Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act |
| Elderly | • Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act |
| Issues Relating to Development & Management of Social Sector/Services | |
| Health | • India’s Performance on Various Health Indicators • Weaknesses of Indian Healthcare System • Health Infrastructure in India • Universal Health Coverage • 12th FYP Strategy • Universal Health Coverage • Health Insurance • National Family Health Survey • National Health Policy • National Health Mission • Maternal & Adolescent Health • Child Health • Antimicrobial Resistance • Disease Burden in India • Measures to Ensure Good Health Outcomes • Government Initiatives |
| Education | • Status of Literacy in India • Education Structure in India • Challenges Faced by Education Sector in India • Reforms Required • Government Initiatives • ASER Report • Financing Education • Subramanian Panel Report |
| Human Resource | • Need For Skill Development • Skill Development Initiatives • Challenges in Skilling Landscape in India • Shortcomings of Current Skill Development Initiatives • Reforms Required • Steps that can Be Taken |
| Issues Relating to Poverty & Hunger | |
| • Relation between Poverty & Hunger • Di stribution of Poverty & Hunger • Magnitude & Trends of Poverty & Hunger • Causes of Poverty & HungerCost/Impact of Poverty & Malnutrition • MDGs & SDGsFood and nutrition insecurity – a consequence of structural inequitiesConstraints in • Reducing Poverty & Hunger • Measure to Reduce Poverty & Hunger – National Food Security Act, • Mid-day Meal Scheme, •MGNREGA etc. | |
| INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS | |
|---|---|
| India and its Neighborhood – Relations | |
| India’s Relations With | • China • Pakistan • Myanmar • Bhutan • Bangladesh • Sri Lanka • Afghanistan • Nepal • Maldives |
| Bilateral, Regional & Global Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India’s Interests | |
| India’s Major Foreign Policy Doctrines Since 1947 | • Non-aligned Movement (NAM) • Nuclear Doctrine • Gujral Doctrine • Look East to Act East • Think West, etc. |
| Bilateral Relations With | • Major Powers Like – USA, Russia, Japan • Central Asian Countries • West Asian Countries • African Countries • Australia & New ZealandEU & European CountriesLatin American CountriesPacific Countries |
| Regional & Global Groupings | • SAARC,BRICS,BBIN & BCIM,BIMSTEC,IBSA,ASEAN & RCEP • India-Africa Forum • SCO • Ashgabat Agreement • FIPICIOR-ARC • Mekong Ganga Cooperation (MGC)Raisina Dialogue • Heart of Asia ConferenceEast Asia SummitG-20 • Asian Development BankNational Security Summit • Multilateral Nuclear Export Regulatory Regimes: Wassenar, MTCR, Australia Group Asian Development Bank • APEC, etc |
| Effect of Policies & Politics of Developed & Developing Countries on India’s Interests | |
| • One Belt One Road • International North–South Transport Corridor • Global Trade War • Global Currency War • Syrian Crisis • UN Reforms • WTO Reforms • South China Sea Conflict • Brexit • Deglobalisation & Protectionism – US Sanctions on Iran, US Pullout from Paris Agreement, H-1B Visa Issue etc. • OPEC Oil Prices Manipulation, etc. | |
| Indian Diaspora | |
| • Spread of Indian Diaspora • India’s Diaspora Policy & Engagement Initiatives • OCI • Pravasi Bharatiya Divas • Know India Programme, etc. • LM Singhvi High Level Committee on the Diaspora • Role played by Indian Diaspora • Issues Concerning the Diaspora:Dual Nationality • Remittances, etc. | |
| Important International Institutions • UN & its Agencies • WTO • World Bank • IMF • World Economic Forum • Commonwealth of Nations, etc. | |
- Candidates can get the Previous Year Questions for UPSC Mains GS 1 in the linked article.
